Cov hlau nplaum muaj zog tham txog dab tsi ntawm cov hlau nplaum

Cov khoom sib nqus ntawm kev hloov pauv pawg hlau (xws li hlau) thiab lawv cov alloys thiab cov khoom sib txuas hu ua ferromagnetism, lub npe muab los ntawm qhov tseeb tias hlau yog qhov feem ntau thiab feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj ferromagnetic. Samarium, neodymium thiab cobalt alloys feem ntau yog siv los ua cov hlau nplaum muaj zog.

Thaum tsis muaj daim ntawv thov sib nqus, cov hlau nplaum sib nqus yuav raug hloov pauv ntawm cov hluav taws xob ntawm cov atoms nyob sib ze lossis lwm yam kev cuam tshuam. Yog li hais tias lawv lub sijhawm sib nqus, tom qab kov yeej cov teebmeem ntawm thermal motion, cov hlau nplaum muaj zog yog nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm qhov kev txiav txim kom raug tshem tawm xws li tseem muaj lub sijhawm sib nqus sib nqus [1]. Thaum siv cov hlau nplaum sab nraud, qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib nqus sib nqus nrog rau sab nraud magnetic teb zoo ib yam li cov ferromagnets. Subferromagnetism muaj tib lub cev zoo li antiferromagnetism, tshwj tsis yog tias qhov loj ntawm qhov sib nqus sib nqus sib nqus lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv subferromagnets tsis sib npaug, thiab yog li muaj ib feem tshem tawm inexhaustible spontaneous sib nqus lub sij hawm, zoo ib yam li cov ferromagnets. Ferrites feem ntau yog cov hlau nplaum subferromagnetic.

Antimagnetism yog ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv uas lub electron magnetic moments nyob rau hauv atoms tshem tawm ib leeg thiab lub sij hawm sib nqus sib nqus yog xoom. Txawm li cas los xij, cov hlau nplaum yog cov uas lub electron orbital motion hloov thaum raug rau ib qho kev siv magnetic teb, thiab ib tug me me sib nqus lub sij hawm yog generated nyob rau hauv lub opposite kev taw qhia mus rau daim ntawv thov teb. Cov hlau nplaum muaj zog kom cov hlau nplaum ntawm cov khoom siv hlau nplaum dhau los ua tus lej tsis zoo (ntau npaum li cas). Tus nqi magnetization yog qhov piv ntawm lub sijhawm sib nqus sib nqus (hu ua lub zog magnetization) rau lub zog sib nqus ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev siv magnetic teb, symbolized li κ. Tus nqi magnetization ntawm ib feem ntau antimagnetic (sexual) tshuaj yog hais txog qhov tsis zoo ib lab (-10-6).

Paramagnetic tshuaj muaj qhov zoo magnetization tus nqi, uas yog 1 mus rau 3 qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj dua li ntawm antimagnetism, X txog 10-5 rau 10-3, ua raws Curie txoj cai lossis Curie-Weiss txoj cai. Thaum ib tug ion, atom los yog molecule nrog unpaired electrons nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj zog hlau nplaum khoom, muaj spin angular momentum thiab orbital angular momentum ntawm electrons, thiab muaj spin magnetic moments thiab orbital magnetic moment. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm sab nraud magnetic teb, lub sij hawm sib nqus, uas muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb, yuav tau taw qhia thiab yog li nthuav tawm paramagnetism.